This article deals with a variety of dynamic issues in the analysis of time-series–cross-
section (TSCS) data. Although the issues raised are general, we focus on applications to …

This paper assesses the options available to researchers analysing multilevel (including
longitudinal) data, with the aim of supporting good methodological decision-making. Given …

This article challenges Fixed Effects (FE) modeling as the 'default'for time-series-cross-
sectional and panel data. Understanding different within and between effects is crucial when …

The uncertainty that researchers face in specifying their estimation model threatens the
validity of their inferences. In regression analyses of observational data, the'true …

Fixed-and random-effects models for longitudinal data are common in sociology. Their
primary advantage is that they control for time-invariant omitted variables. However, analysts …

Are violators of international human rights norms punished with lower levels of foreign aid?
Despite their abstract preferences, governments often lack the incentive to punish norm …

Do international court judgments influence the behavior of actors other than the parties to a
dispute? Are international courts agents of policy change or do their judgments merely …

Biological data are often intrinsically hierarchical (eg, species from different genera, plants
within different mountain regions), which made mixed‐effects models a common analysis …

This article outlines the literature on time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) methods. First, it
addresses time-series properties including issues of nonstationarity. It moves to cross …

Much speculation exists regarding how social media impacts the health of democracies.
However, minimal scholarly research empirically examines the effect social media has on …