Opioid receptors have been targeted for the treatment of pain and related disorders for
thousands of years, and remain the most widely used analgesics in the clinic. Mu (μ), kappa …

Abstract Background and Rationale The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system has
been implicated as a critical component of the stress response. Stress-induced activation of …

Endocannabinoids are lipid signaling mediators that exert an important neuromodulatory
role and confer neuroprotection in several types of brain injury. Excitotoxicity and stroke can …

Mortality due to opioid use has grown to the point where, for the first time in history, opioid-
related deaths exceed those caused by car accidents in many states in the United States …

The past decade has seen a drastic rise in the number of infants exposed to opioids in utero.
It is unclear what lasting effect this exposure may have on these children. Animal models of …

HIV-1 infection predisposes the central nervous system to damage by opportunistic
infections and environmental insults. Such maladaptive plasticity may underlie the …

This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers …

Neurons derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have gained great merit in both basic
research and regenerative medicine. Here we review and summarize the signaling …

It is widely accepted that narcotic use during pregnancy and specific environmental factors
(eg, maternal immune activation and chronic stress) may increase risk of neuropsychiatric …

Coincident with the opioid epidemic in the United States has been a dramatic increase in the
number of children born with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), a form of withdrawal …