Prefrontal cortex (PFC) means different things to different people. In recent years, there has
been a major increase in publications on the PFC, especially using mice. However …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in the generation and regulation of emotion.
However, we lack an integrative framework for understanding how different emotion-related …

Corticostriatal connections play a central role in developing appropriate goal-directed
behaviors, including the motivation and cognition to develop appropriate actions to obtain a …

Understanding complex systems such as the human brain requires characterization of the
system's architecture across multiple levels of organization–from neurons, to local circuits, to …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled machines to plan in tasks
previously thought to be uniquely human. Meanwhile, the planning algorithms implemented …

In this review, we summarize findings supporting the existence of multiple behavioral
strategies for controlling reward-related behavior, including a dichotomy between the goal …

When making a subjective choice, the brain must compute a value for each option and
compare those values to make a decision. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is critically involved …

In everyday life, we have to decide whether it is worth exerting effort to obtain rewards. Effort
can be experienced in different domains, with some tasks requiring significant cognitive …

Although cells in many brain regions respond to reward, the cortical-basal ganglia circuit is
at the heart of the reward system. The key structures in this network are the anterior …