Global warming is affecting animal populations worldwide, through chronic temperature
increases and an increase in the frequency of extreme heatwave events. Reservoirs are …

We review progress in Baltic Sea physical oceanography (including sea ice and atmosphere–
land interactions) and Baltic Sea modelling, focusing on research related to BALTEX Phase …

Deoxygenation is a global problem in coastal and open regions of the ocean, and has led to
expanding areas of oxygen minimum zones and coastal hypoxia. The recent expansion of …

Major Baltic inflow events (MBI) transport large amounts of saline water into the Baltic. They
are the solely source for deep water ventilation in the central Baltic basins, and control to a …

The world's oceans are currently facing major stressors in the form of overexploitation and
anthropogenic climate change. The Baltic Sea was home to the first “industrial” fishery∼ 800 …

The oceans regulate our weather and climate from global to regional scales. They absorb
over 90% of accumulated heat in the climate system (IPCC Citation 2013) and over a quarter …

Hypoxia has occurred intermittently over the Holocene in the Baltic Sea, but the recent
expansion from less than 10 000 km 2 before 1950 to> 60 000 km 2 since 2000 is mainly …

Spring phytoplankton blooms contribute a substantial part to annual production, support
pelagic and benthic secondary production and influence biogeochemical cycles in many …

The transition from hunter-gatherer-fisher groups to agrarian societies is arguably the most
significant change in human prehistory. In the European plain there is evidence for fully …

Nutrient over-enrichment is one of the classic triggering mechanisms for the occurrence of
cyanobacteria blooms in aquatic ecosystems. In the Baltic Sea, cyanobacteria regularly …