Reprogrammed metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. However, the metabolic dependency of
cancer, from tumour initiation through disease progression and therapy resistance, requires …

Preclinical studies of the T cell growth factor activity of IL-2 resulted in this cytokine
becoming the first immunotherapy to be approved nearly 30 years ago by the US Food and …

To redirect T cells against tumor cells, T cells can be engineered ex vivo to express cancer-
antigen specific T cell receptors (TCRs), generating products known as TCR-engineered T …

Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular
functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the …

The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in treating several
hematopoietic malignancies has been difficult to replicate in solid tumors, in part because of …

Cytokines are secreted signalling proteins that play essential roles in the initiation,
maintenance and resolution of immune responses. Although the unique ability of cytokines …

Summary Rewiring exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells toward functional states remains a
therapeutic challenge. Tex cells are epigenetically programmed by the transcription factor …

Immunotherapies have shown remarkable, albeit tumor-selective, therapeutic benefits in the
clinic. Most patients respond transiently at best, highlighting the importance of …

Vaccination affords protection from disease by activating pathogen-specific immune cells
and facilitating the development of persistent immunologic memory toward the vaccine …

T cells can acquire a broad spectrum of differentiation states following activation. At the
extreme ends of this continuum are short-lived cells equipped with effector machinery and …