The immune system plays a crucial role in the ageing process. As individuals age,
significant alterations in the immune system experiences occur, marked by a decline in …

Our aim is to present an updated overview of the erythrocyte metabolism highlighting its
richness and complexity. We have manually collected and connected the available …

Hematopoietic stem cells surrender organelles during differentiation, leaving mature red
blood cells (RBC) devoid of transcriptional machinery and mitochondria. The resultant …

The clearance of senescent and altered red blood cells (RBCs) in the red pulp of the human
spleen involves sequential processes of prefiltration, filtration, and postfiltration. While prior …

Red blood cells (RBCs) change shape and deformability with age, making them more likely
to be trapped in the splenic slits (IESs) and removed from circulation. Existing evidence …

The splenic interendothelial slits fulfill the essential function of continuously filtering red
blood cells (RBCs) from the bloodstream to eliminate abnormal and aged cells. To date, the …

Emerging clinical evidence suggests that thrombosis in the microvasculature of patients with
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) plays an essential role in dictating the disease …

Erythrophagocytosis occurring in the spleen is a critical process for removing senescent and
diseased red blood cells (RBCs) from the microcirculation. Although some progress has …

Red blood cells (RBCs) experience significant cyclic deformation through large elastic
stretching and relaxation as they circulate in the bloodstream. Such hundreds of thousands …

Microaneurysms (MAs) are one of the earliest clinically visible signs of diabetic retinopathy
(DR). MA leakage or rupture may precipitate local pathology in the surrounding neural retina …