Breast cancer, the most common type of cancer affecting women, encompasses a collection
of histologic (mainly ductal and lobular) and molecular subtypes exhibiting diverse clinical …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that affects one anatomic site, yet is
phenotypically variable. 1, 2 The identification of different biological subtypes occurs …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous complex of diseases, a spectrum of many subtypes with
distinct biological features that lead to differences in response patterns to various treatment …

Breast carcinomas can be stratified into different entities based on clinical behavior,
histologic features, and/or by biological properties. A classification of breast cancer should …

Tumors develop multiple mechanisms of immune evasion as they progress, with some
cancer types being inherently better at 'hiding'than others. With an increased understanding …

Breast carcinoma comprises a group of diseases with specific clinical, histopathologic and
molecular properties. Traditional classification use morphology to divide tumors into …

The last decade has brought a breakthrough in the knowledge of the biology of breast
cancer. The technological development, and in particular the high throughput technologies …

Chemotherapy is the primary established systemic treatment for patients with triple-negative
breast cancer (TNBC) in both the early and advanced-stages of the disease. The lack of …

It has recently become clear that the tumour microenvironment, and in particular the immune
system, has a crucial role in modulating tumour progression and response to therapy …

The immunosurveillance theory postulates that tumors evolve and progress in an
uncontrolled fashion only when anticancer immune responses fail. Natural …