Defense against stress and active suppression of growth are two complementary strategies
by which plants respond to adverse environments. Although beneficial for plant survival …

Sucrose is the end product of photosynthesis and the primary sugar transported in the
phloem of most plants. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) is a glycosyl transferase enzyme that plays …

Under the natural environment, nutrient signals interact with phytohormones to coordinate
and reprogram plant growth and survival. Sugars are important molecules that control …

The adaptation of plant metabolism to stress-induced energy deficiency involves profound
changes in amino acid metabolism. Anabolic reactions are suppressed, whereas respiratory …

The developmental plasticity of plants relies on the remarkable ability of the meristems to
integrate nutrient and energy availability with environmental signals. Meristems in root and …

The evolutionarily conserved target-of-rapamycin (TOR) kinase coordinates cellular and
organismal growth in all eukaryotes. Amino acids (AAs) are key upstream signals for …

Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form
leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone …

Complex multicellular organisms evolved on Earth in an oxygen-rich atmosphere; their
tissues, including stem-cell niches, require continuous oxygen provision for efficient energy …

Highlights•The COP1/SPA complex suppresses light signaling in darkness.•Functions of the
protein domains in COP1 and SPA proteins.•The structure of the COP1 WD-repeat domain …

Growth of eukaryotic cells is regulated by the target of rapamycin (TOR). The strongest
activator of TOR in metazoa is amino acid availability. The established transducers of amino …