Endothelin (ET) peptides and their receptors are intimately involved in the physiological
control of systemic blood pressure and body Na homeostasis, exerting these effects through …

Part of the cellular response to toxins, physical stresses and inflammatory cytokines occurs
by signalling via the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and p38 reactivating kinase …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a multigene family activated by many
extracellular stimuli. There are three groups of MAP kinases based on their dual …

It has recently been recognized that cellular stresses activate certain members of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily. One role of these “stress-activated” …

In mammalian cells, amino acids affect the phosphorylation state and function of several
proteins involved in mRNA translation that are regulated via the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR …

Smad3 and Smad4 are sequence-specific DNA-binding factors that bind to their consensus
DNA-binding sites in response to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and activate …

The c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases (JNK MAPKs) are an
evolutionarily-conserved family of serine/threonine protein kinases. First identified in 1990 …

Three hallmark features of the cardiac hypertrophic growth program are increases in cell
size, sarcomeric organization, and the induction of certain cardiac-specific genes. All three …

In this report we investigate the molecular mechanisms that contribute to tissue damage
following ischemia and ischemia coupled with reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion) in the rat …

Physical exercise can cause marked alterations in the structure and function of human
skeletal muscle. However, little is known about the specific signaling molecules and …