The ability of feathers to perform many functions either simultaneously or at different times
throughout the year or life of a bird is integral to the evolutionary history of birds. Many …

Imaging intact human organs from the organ to the cellular scale in three dimensions is a
goal of biomedical imaging. To meet this challenge, we developed hierarchical phase …

Bats (order Chiroptera) are the only mammals capable of powered flight, and this may be an
important factor behind their rapid diversification into the over 1400 species that exist today …

Uncertainties in the phylogeny of birds (Avialae) and their closest relatives have impeded
deeper understanding of early theropod flight. To help address this, we produced an …

Secondary aquatic adaptations evolved independently more than 30 times from terrestrial
vertebrate ancestors,. For decades, non-avian dinosaurs were believed to be an exception …

Reptiles, including birds, exhibit a range of behaviorally relevant adaptations that are
reflected in changes to the structure of the inner ear. These adaptations include the capacity …

Avian skeletal morphology is associated with locomotor function, including flight style,
swimming and terrestrial locomotion, and permits informed inferences on locomotion in …

Background The origin of powered avian flight was a locomotor innovation that expanded
the ecological potential of maniraptoran dinosaurs, leading to remarkable variation in …

Pterosaurs, the earliest flying tetrapods, are the subject of some recent quantitative
macroevolutionary analyses from different perspectives. 1–2 Here, we use an integrative …

This chapter will cover clade definitions, the relationships within clades as well as the
occasional controversial relationships between different clades. Phylogenies arising from a …