Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent and serious complication of both chronic liver
disease and acute liver failure. HE manifests as a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric …

In the past decade, evidence for a fluid clearance pathway in the central nervous system
known as the glymphatic system has grown. According to the glymphatic system concept …

The glymphatic system, that is aquaporin 4 (AQP4) facilitated exchange of CSF with
interstitial fluid (ISF), may provide a clearance pathway for protein species such as amyloid …

The glymphatic system contributes to the clearance of amyloid-β from the brain and is
disrupted in Alzheimer's disease. However, whether the system is involved in the removal of …

Bile acids (BAs) play a crucial role in nutrient absorption and act as key regulators of lipid
and glucose metabolism and immune homeostasis. Through the enterohepatic circulation …

The classic concept of the absence of lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system
(CNS), suggesting the immune privilege of the brain in spite of its high metabolic rate, was …

Background Soluble beta-amyloid (Aβ) can be cleared from the brain through various
mechanisms including enzymatic degradation, glial cell phagocytosis, transport across the …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that occurs in patients with liver
insufficiency. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Pharmacotherapy is …

Tumor-associated hydrocephalus (TAH) is a common and lethal complication of brain
metastases. Although other factors beyond mechanical obstructions have been suggested …

Over the past decade there has been an enormous progress in our understanding of fluid
and solute transport in the central nervous system (CNS). This is due to a number of factors …