Anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or anti-PD-ligand (L) 1 drugs, as classic immune
checkpoint inhibitors, are considered promising treatment strategies for tumors. In clinical …

Intercellular communication is a critical process that ensures cooperation between distinct
cell types and maintains homeostasis. EVs, which were initially described as cellular debris …

The accumulation of senescent cells in the tumor microenvironment can drive tumorigenesis
in a paracrine manner through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) …

Background The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical player in tumor progression,
metastasis and therapy outcomes. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a well …

The macrophage is a key cell in the pro-and anti-inflammatory response including that of the
inflammatory microenvironment of malignant tumors. Much current drug development in …

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. About 10–30% of
patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbor mutations of the EGFR gene. The …

Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target programmed cell death protein-
1/programmed cell death ligand-1 axis have significantly shifted the treatment paradigm in …

Lung cancer is the deadliest malignancy worldwide. An inflammatory microenvironment is a
key factor contributing to lung tumor progression. Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) …

Typically, tumor‑associated macrophages (TAMs), an abundant population of leukocytes in
lung cancer, are affected by tumor microenvironment (TME) and shift towards either a pro …

Regardless of the promising results of certain immune checkpoint blockers, current
immunotherapeutics have met a bottleneck concerning response rate, toxicity, and …