In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding and practical use
of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques. Nevertheless, to date, this …

Metabolic engineering has allowed the production of a diverse number of valuable
chemicals using microbial organisms. Many biological challenges for improving bio …

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are widespread mobile DNA that transmit both
vertically, in a host-integrated state, and horizontally, through excision and transfer to new …

INTRODUCTION Modern computing is based on sequential logic, in which the state of a
circuit depends both on the present inputs as well as the input history (memory) …

Cells react to their environment through gene regulatory networks. Network integrity requires
minimization of undesired crosstalk between their biomolecules. Similar constraints also …

Sigma factors control global switches of the genetic expression program in bacteria.
Different sigma factors compete for binding to a limited pool of RNA polymerase (RNAP) …

Starving Bacillus subtilis cells execute a gene expression program resulting in the formation
of stress-resistant spores. Sporulation master regulator, Spo0A, is activated by a …

Bacteria utilize two-component system (TCS) signal transduction pathways to sense and
adapt to changing environments. In a typical TCS, a stimulus induces a sensor histidine …

Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile produces two major toxins, TcdA and TcdB,
upon entry into stationary phase. Transcription of tcdA and tcdB requires the specialized …

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are complex systems in which many genes regulate
mutually to adapt the cell state to environmental conditions. In addition to function, the GRNs …