Neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are essential for neuronal
survival and growth. The signaling cascades initiated by BDNF and its receptor are the key …

Abstract Background The International Scientific Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and
Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) produced its first guidelines in 2005 and renewed them …

In this review, the clinical features of Parkinson's disease, both motor and non‐motor, are
described in the context of the progression of the disease. Also briefly discussed are the …

Here we argue functional neuroanatomy for posture-gait control. Multi-sensory information
such as somatosensory, visual and vestibular sensation act on various areas of the brain so …

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Cardinal motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD) include bradykinesia, rest tremor, and
rigidity, which appear in the early stages of the disease and largely depend on …

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and the neurotrophin nerve growth factor
(NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are important for the survival …

Background Disorders of posture, gait, and balance in Parkinson's disease (PD) are
common and debilitating. This MDS‐commissioned task force assessed clinimetric …

Axial motor signs—including gait impairment, postural instability and postural abnormalities—
are common and debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson disease …

Pedunculopontine nucleus region deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising but
experimental therapy for axial motor deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly gait …