Chronic pain represents one of the most serious worldwide medical problems, in terms of
both social and economic costs, often causing severe and intractable physical and …

Medical cannabis (MC) describes the usually inhaled or ingested use of a cannabis plant or
cannabis extract for medicinal purposes. The action of whole cannabis plants is extremely …

As medical use of cannabis is increasingly legalized worldwide, a better understanding of
the medical and hazardous effects of this drug is imperative. The pain associated with …

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent one of the most effective
treatments for patients with cancer. As their activity relies on host immune system reactivity …

CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) respond to environmental cues to permit or suppress
inflammation, and atherosclerosis weakens Treg suppression and promotes plasticity …

This paper is the thirty-eighth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2015 …

Cannabinoids, the biologically active constituents of Cannabis, have potent neuronal and
immunological effects. However, the basic and medical research dedicated to medical …

There is a high incidence of tobacco use among intravenous opioid drug users. It is well
established that opioids and tobacco smoke induce a degree of immune activation, and …

Background Opioid receptors are commonly expressed on various immune cells,
macrophages especially. Thus, these cells are prone to stimulation with opioids, which …

Abstract Aim Interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) plays an essential role in tissue inflammation by
inducing proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and is related to innate …