Background More than a half century ago, Shinozaki et al.(. A quantitative analysis of plant
form–the pipe model theory. I. Basic analyses. Japanese Journal of Ecology B: 97–105) …

Veins are a critical component of the plant growth and development system, playing an
integral role in supporting and protecting leaves, as well as transporting water, nutrients, and …

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is one of the earliest extant species in seed plant phylogeny.
Embryo development patterns can provide fundamental evidence for the origin, evolution …

Leaf vein network geometry can predict levels of resource transport, defence and
mechanical support that operate at different spatial scales. However, it is challenging to …

As the single link between leaves and the rest of the plant, petioles must develop conductive
tissues according to the water influx and sugar outflow of the leaf lamina. A scaling …

Characteristic of all conifer needles, the transfusion tissue mediates the radial transport of
water and sugar between the endodermis and axial vasculature. Physical constraints …

The survival of all vascular plants depends on phloem and xylem, which comprise a
hydraulically coupled tissue system that transports photosynthates, water, and a variety of …

Premise The dimensions of phloem sieve elements have been shown to vary as a function
of tree height, decreasing hydraulic resistance as the transport pathway lengthens …

Leaves with high photosynthetic capacity require high transpiration capacity. Consequently,
hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance, and assimilation capacities should be …

Highlights•Plants communicate and transport matter without mechanical pumps, nerves or a
brain.•Physical processes limit the morphological diversity of plants.•Sugar transport in plant …