Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

Over the past several decades, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have progressed from a
scepticism-inducing idea to clinical reality. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic catalysed the …

Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of
the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only …

The successful clinical application of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric
antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapeutics has attracted extensive attention to …

The age-related dysregulation and decline of the immune system—collectively termed
“immunosenescence”—has been generally associated with an increased susceptibility to …

Reactogenicity represents the physical manifestation of the inflammatory response to
vaccination, and can include injection-site pain, redness, swelling or induration at the …

Vaccine development utilizing various platforms is one of the strategies that has been
proposed to address the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Adjuvants are …

In conjugate, inactivated, recombinant, and toxoid vaccines, adjuvants are extensively and
essentially used for enhanced and long-lasting protective immune responses. Depending …

Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational
stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID …

Despite the many advances that have occurred in the field of vaccine adjuvants, there are
still unmet needs that may enable the development of vaccines suitable for more …