Immunotherapy has been a remarkable clinical advancement in the treatment of cancer. T
cells are pivotal to the efficacy of current cancer immunotherapies, including immune …

Cancers are highly complex diseases that are characterized by not only the overgrowth of
malignant cells but also an altered immune response. The inhibition and reprogramming of …

Abstract Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells represent a breakthrough in personalized
cancer therapy. In this strategy, synthetic receptors comprised of antigen recognition …

Infection susceptibility, poor vaccination efficacy, age-related disease onset, and neoplasms
are linked to innate and adaptive immune dysfunction that accompanies aging (known as …

Abstract Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), in addition to targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-
L1, novel targeting LAG-3 drugs have also been approved in clinical application. With the …

Immunosenescence is a process of immune dysfunction that occurs with age and includes
remodeling of lymphoid organs, leading to changes in the immune function of the elderly …

T cells play a key role in cell-mediated immunity, and strategies to genetically modify T cells,
including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy and T cell receptor (TCR) T cell …

In chronic infections and in cancer, persistent antigen stimulation under suboptimal
conditions can lead to the induction of T-cell exhaustion. Exhausted T cells are …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have not induced meaningful clinical responses in
solid tumors. Loss of T cell stemness, poor expansion capacity, and exhaustion during …

T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon of dysfunction or physical elimination of antigen-specific
T cells reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and …