Braak et al. proposed that cases with Lewy pathology in the peripheral nervous sytem,
spinal cord and brain stem are prodromal Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting a …

Motor learning is a core aspect of human life and appears to be ubiquitous throughout the
animal kingdom. Dopamine, a neuromodulator with a multifaceted role in synaptic plasticity …

The differential vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta
(SNc) is a critical and unresolved question in Parkinson´ s disease. Studies in mice show …

Parkinsonian patients often experience sleep/wake disturbances, which may appear at an
early stage of the disease; however, these disturbances have not been fully described. To …

Mitochondria are vital organelles in eukaryotic cells that control diverse physiological
processes related to energy production, calcium homeostasis, the generation of reactive …

Mitochondria continuously fuse and divide to maintain homeostasis. An impairment in the
balance between the fusion and fission processes can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder that
affects extensive regions of the nervous system. Its current clinical diagnosis is based on …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second major progressive neurodegenerative disease,
which critically impacts patients' quality of life. Based on genetics, animal models of genetic …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease
worldwide. It is known that there are many factors, either genetic or environmental factors …

Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) combined with intravenously circulating
microbubbles has recently emerged as a novel approach for increasing delivery through the …