Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit tremendously elevated risk for
cardiovascular disease, particularly ischemic heart disease, due to premature vascular and …

Ectonucleotidases are key for purinergic signaling. They control the duration of activity of
purinergic receptor agonists. At the same time, they produce hydrolysis products as …

Arterial calcification is an important hallmark of cardiovascular disease and shares many
similarities with skeletal mineralization. The bone‐specific protein osteocalcin (OCN) is an …

Osteoporosis (OP) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are both important causes of
mortality and morbidity in aging patients. There are common mechanisms underlying the …

Vascular calcification is the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the medial or intimal
layers of arteries that is usually associated with other pathological conditions including but …

Medial arterial calcification (MAC) is a major complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
and an indicator of poor prognosis. Aortic overexpression of tissue‐nonspecific alkaline …

Arterial medial calcification (AMC) is the deposition of calcium phosphate mineral, often as
hydroxyapatite, in the medial layer of the arteries. AMC shares some similarities to skeletal …

Biomineralisation, the deposition of mineral onto a matrix, can be both a physiological and
pathological process. Bone formation involves the secretion of an extracellular matrix (ECM) …

Vascular calcification is associated with significant morbidity and mortality within diabetes,
involving activation of osteogenic regulators and transcription factors. Recent evidence …

Extracellular pyrophosphate (ePP i) was first identified as a key endogenous inhibitor of
mineralisation in the 1960's by Fleisch and colleagues. The main source of ePP i seems to …