Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

Asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (AD) are interrelated clinical phenotypes that partly
overlap in the human interactome. The concept of “one‐airway‐one‐disease,” coined over …

Biological sex differences refer to differences between males and females caused by the sex
chromosome complement (that is, XY or XX), reproductive tissues (that is, the presence of …

The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of
HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells …

Unrestrained excessive inflammatory responses exacerbate ischemic brain injury and
impede post-stroke brain recovery. CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play …

Gender differences in the functionality of the immune system have been attributed, in part, to
direct and indirect effects of sex steroids, especially estrogens, on immune cell repertoire …

abstract Steroid hormones, especially glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens, have
profound influence on immunity. Recent studies using cell-type specific steroid hormone …

A multitude of evidence has suggested the differential incidence, prevalence and severity of
asthma between males and females. A compilation of recent literature recognized sex …

Background Although asthma is more prevalent in women and the prevalence of COPD is
increasing in women, the current international recommendations for the management and …

Sex steroid hormones have major effects on the thymus. Age-related increases in
androgens and estrogens and pregnancy-induced increases in progestins all cause …