Introduction Rapid advances in bioengineering enable the use of complex proteins as
therapeutic agents to treat diseases. Compared with conventional small molecule drugs …

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated
protein (Cas) systems, especially type II (Cas9) systems, have been widely developed for …

Targeted intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins remains a significant unmet challenge
in biotechnology. A promising approach is to leverage the intrinsic capabilities of bacterial …

The ability to deliver proteins and peptides across the plasma membrane into the cytosol of
living mammalian cells would be highly impactful for both basic science and medicine …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be controlled by anti-retroviral therapy.
Suppressing viral replication relies on life-long medication, but anti-retroviral therapy is not …

Current gene silencing tools based on RNA interference (RNAi) or, more recently, clustered
regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‒Cas13 systems have critical …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent toxins known and are used to treat an
increasing number of medical disorders. All BoNTs are naturally co-expressed with a …

Recent advances in targeted cancer therapy hold great promise for both research and
clinical applications and push the boundaries in finding new treatments for various currently …

While the cellular cytosol and organelles contain attractive targets for disease treatments, it
remains a challenge to deliver therapeutic biomacromolecules to these sites. This is due to …

Numerous toxins translocate to the cytosol in order to fulfil their function. This demonstrates
the existence of routes for proteins from the extracellular space to the cytosol. Understanding …