This review delves into the intricate relationship between anemia, iron metabolism, and
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), aiming to unravel the interconnected pathways that …

Complex regulation of the immune response is necessary to support effective defense of an
organism against hostile invaders and to maintain tolerance to harmless microorganisms …

Cancer immunotherapy using immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the
field of cancer treatment; however, ICI efficacy is constrained by progressive dysfunction of …

Abstract Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) are target molecules
for immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. PD-L1 is expressed not only in cancer …

Background Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common skin
cancer whose incidence is growing parallel to the lengthening of the average lifespan …

As the main cause of death in the world, cancer is one of the major health threats for
humans. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has gained great attention in …

Haematopoiesis dysregulation with the presence of immature myeloid and erythroid
immunosuppressive cells are key characteristics of the immune escape phase of tumour …

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause
of cancer related death worldwide. Until recently, systemic therapy for advanced HCC …

Cancer-related anemia (CRA) is a common multifactorial disorder that adversely affects the
quality of life and overall prognosis in patients with cancer. Safety concerns associated with …

The promotion of anti-tumour immune responses can be an effective route to the complete
remission of primary and metastatic tumours in a small proportion of patients. Hence …