This report highlights lessons regarding impacts, costs and acceptance from the
implementation of environmental tax reform (ETR) in industrialised countries that are most …

Vietnam is at a crossroads. It can grow as an export platform for GVCs, specializing in low
value-added assembly functions with industrialization occurring in enclaves with little …

Investments in climate change mitigation will have to rise massively in the coming years in
order to keep the global temperature increase below 1.5° C. Rising levels of investment in …

This paper evaluates the positioning of Vietnam in international trade. It addresses the key
question of how Vietnam uses its participation in international trade agreements as a tool to …

The growing fragmentation of production across national borders and the proliferation of
preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have become salient features of the global economy in …

The expansion of FTA rules from the border to the “depth” within the border can promote the
reduction of trade barriers between member countries. Yet, this can also increase the cost of …

Which is more reassuring to foreign investors—domestic laws or international agreements?
A substantial literature argues that foreign investment may be underprovided, because …

Drought is arguably one of the most devastating natural disasters in developing countries,
particularly in Africa. Climate change is expected to add to this threat. Drought has far …

Purpose Upgrading in global value chains (GVCs) has become a crucial strategy for
enhancing competitive advantage and attaining higher profitability, especially among firms …

This paper focuses on the effect of preferential trade agreements and their depth on firm-to-
firm ownership, in particular, along global value chains. It measures shareholder–affiliate …