The entomology literature has historically suggested insects cannot feel pain, leading to
their exclusion from ethical debates and animal welfare legislation. However, there may be …

Highlights•Dopamine neurons coding opposite value are segregated in the fly
brain.•Dopamine neurons representing reward type innervate discrete mushroom body …

Making inferences about the computations performed by neuronal circuits from synapse-
level connectivity maps is an emerging opportunity in neuroscience. The mushroom body …

Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a
complete wiring diagram of a higher-order circuit supporting associative memory has not …

To understand the brain, molecular details need to be overlaid onto neural wiring diagrams
so that synaptic mode, neuromodulation and critical signaling operations can be considered …

Associative learning is thought to involve parallel and distributed mechanisms of memory
formation and storage. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is the major site of …

Astrocytes associate with synapses throughout the brain and express receptors for
neurotransmitters that can increase intracellular calcium (Ca2+),,. Astrocytic Ca2+ signalling …

Drosophila melanogaster can acquire a stable appetitive olfactory memory when the
presentation of a sugar reward and an odor are paired. However, the neuronal mechanisms …

Memories are stored in the fan-out fan-in neural architectures of the mammalian cerebellum
and hippocampus and the insect mushroom bodies. However, whereas key plasticity occurs …

The fruit fly can evaluate its energy state and decide whether to pursue food-related cues.
Here, we reveal that the mushroom body (MB) integrates hunger and satiety signals to …