Despite the wealth of epidemiological and experimental studies indicating the protective role
of regular physical activity/exercise training against the sequels of aging and cardiovascular …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to paraplegia or quadriplegia. Although there are no fully
restorative treatments for SCI, various rehabilitative, cellular and molecular therapies have …

Exercise is associated with increased ATP need and an enhanced aerobic and/or anaerobic
metabolism, which results in an increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Reports of beneficial effects of exercise on psychological health in humans are increasingly
supported by basic research studies. Exercise is hypothesized to regulate antidepressant …

Astrogliosis following spinal cord injury (SCI) involves an early hypertrophic response that
serves to repair damaged blood–brain barrier and a subsequent hyperplastic response that …

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that negatively
regulates autophagy. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR signaling, can promote autophagy …

The well regulated activities of microglia and T cells specific to central nervous system
(CNS) antigens can contribute to the protection of CNS neural cells and their renewal from …

Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in partial or complete paralysis and is
characterized by a loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes, axonal injury, and demyelination …

The destruction and hollowing of entire tissue segments represent an insurmountable
barrier to axonal regeneration and therapeutics in chronic spinal cord injury. To circumvent …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated during aerobic metabolism.
Certain levels of ROS, which could be dependent on the type of cell, cell age, history of ROS …