Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is the most widely studied pleiotropic cytokine of the
TNF superfamily. In pathophysiological conditions, generation of TNFα at high levels leads …

Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes largely recognized for their
importance in tumour surveillance and the host response to viral infections. However, as the …

NKT cells are thought of as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we
demonstrate that mouse NKT cells are activated in response to Escherichia coli LPS, and …

Plasma sphingomyelin concentration is correlated with the development of atherosclerosis.
It has been found to exist in significantly higher concentrations in aortic plaque. This appears …

IL-15 is currently undergoing clinical trials to assess its efficacy for treatment of advanced
cancers. The combination of IL-15 with soluble IL-15Rα generates a complex termed IL-15 …

Piperine, a main component of Piper longum Linn. and Piper nigrum Linn., is a plant alkaloid
with a long history of medical use. Piperine exhibits anti-inflammatory activity; however, the …

Sepsis‐associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a life‐threatening deterioration of mental status
in relation to long‐term and disabling cognitive dysfunction that is common in intensive care …

Atherosclerosis—a systemic inflammatory disease—is the number one cause of mortality
and morbidity worldwide. As such, the prevention of disease progression is of global interest …

Background and purpose: Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is a probiotic strain used in the
treatment of intestinal immune diseases, including ulcerative colitis. The aim of the present …

Abstract Persistent Inflammation, Immune Suppression, and Catabolism Syndrome (PICS) is
a disease state affecting patients who have a prolonged recovery after the acute phase of a …