The identification of mutationally activated BRAF in many cancers altered our conception of
the part played by the RAF family of protein kinases in oncogenesis. In this Review, we …

We are witnessing several revolutionary technological advances in cancer. These
innovations have not only contributed to a growing understanding of the tumor and its …

Observations from cultured cells,,, animal models and patients,, raise the possibility that the
dependency of tumours on the therapeutic drugs to which they have acquired resistance …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative brain disorder that causes
cellular response alterations, such as impaired cholinergic mechanism, amyloid‐beta (Aβ) …

Immunotherapy, which stimulates the body's immune system, has received a considerable
amount of press in recent years because of its powerful benefits. Cancer immunotherapy …

The activating mutation of the BRAF serine/threonine protein kinase (BRAF V600E) is the
key driver mutation in hairy cell leukemia (HCL), suggesting opportunities for therapeutic …

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is rare form of non-Langerhans cells histiocytosis with
multiorgan involvement. Individuals are more frequently affected in their fifth decade and …

Background Mutations in BRAF were first reported in 2002. Since that time, the molecular
basis for oncogenic signaling has been elucidated in multiple malignancies. The …

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is marked by near 100% mutational frequency of BRAF V600E
mutations. Recurrent cooperating genetic events that may contribute to HCL pathogenesis …

The diagnosis, classification, and management of cancer are traditionally dictated by the site
of tumor origin, for example, breast or lung, and by specific histologic subtypes of site-of …