During pregnancy, various immune effectors and molecules participating in the immune-
microenvironment establish specific maternal tolerance toward the semi-allogeneic fetus …

Abstract During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the innate immune response can be inhibited or
delayed, and the subsequent persistent viral replication can induce emergency signals that …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics,
subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the
older population. Classical hallmarks of early and intermediate AMD are accumulation of …

Cytokines perform ever-increasing roles in both, the regulation of general homeostasis and
in orchestrating the immune response during disease. To ensure that control of the cytokine …

Interleukin (IL)-9 has recently been shown to play an important role in allergic disease
because its expression is strongly associated with the degree of airway responsiveness and …

Mast cells can play detrimental roles in the pathophysiology and mortality observed in
anaphylaxis and other Th2-dominated allergic diseases. In contrast, these cells contribute to …

Many prenatal and perinatal factors are hypothesized to play a role in the cause of cerebral
palsy (CP). Epidemiological data implicate maternal–fetal infection and associated increase …

Naïve CD4+ T cells are pleiotropically divided into various T helper (Th) cell subsets,
according to their pivotal roles in the regulation of immune responses. The differentiation of …

Publisher Summary Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) represent a
family of conserved proteins, seven of which have been identified in mammals. STATs are …