Approximately 10% of women report smoking during pregnancy. The number of
breastfeeding women who relapse back to smoking is even greater. Smoking may cause …

Bioavailability and metabolism Bioavailability and metabolism Mol Aspects Med. 2002 Feb-Jun;23(1-3):39-100.
doi: 10.1016/s0098-2997(02)00016-x. Authors Wilhelm Stahl 1 , Henk van den Berg, John …

Oxidative stress may be defined as an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant
forces resulting in an overall pro-oxidant insult. Pregnancy is a physiological state …

Introduction 3. Methods 4. Results 4.1. Epidemiology of smoking and preeclampsia 4.1. 1.
Overall association between smoking in pregnancy and preeclampsia 4.1. 2. Severity of …

Smoking is associated with oxidative stress and increased risks of many chronic diseases
that both shorten life and impair its quality. Low concentrations of several micronutrients …

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended by the WHO for the first 6 mo of life because
human milk protects against gastrointestinal infections and supplies balanced and adequate …

This literature review examines whether smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy increases
maternal micronutrient requirements and whether smoking or alcohol use interacts with …

Several reports confirm the deleterious effects of tobacco smoking and exposure to second-
hand smoke (SHS) resulting in changes in the composition of breast milk. The aim of our …

Aim: To systematically review the possible mechanisms by which maternal smoking affects
lactation. Methods: Databases (Medline, CINAHL, Current Contents, Psychinfo, Sociological …

Vitamin E deficiency (VED) is associated with clinical repercussions in preterm newborns
(PTN), but low levels are also found in full-term newborns (TN). As this inadequacy can …