Background Antibiotics are amongst the most commonly used drugs in children. In addition
to inducing antibiotic resistance, antibiotic exposure has been associated with adverse long …

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are serious, highly variable neurodevelopmental
disorders, commonly characterized by the manifestation of specific behavioral abnormalities …

Objective To investigate the extent to which antibiotic exposure in the first 2 years of life is
associated with the risk of immunological, metabolic, and neurobehavioral health conditions …

Importance Birth by cesarean delivery is increasing globally, particularly cesarean deliveries
without medical indication. Children born via cesarean delivery may have an increased risk …

Introduction Antibiotics represent the most common type of medication used during
pregnancy and infancy. Antibiotics have been proposed as a possible factor in changes in …

Importance Recent studies suggest that cesarean delivery (CD) is associated with increased
risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children, although they were unable to control for …

Sibling comparison designs have long been used to assess causal effects of exposures for
which randomized studies are impossible and measurement of all relevant confounding is …

Background Development of the gut-brain axis in early life may be disturbed by antibiotic
use. It has been hypothesized that this disturbance may contribute to development of …

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental health disorder characterized
by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Dysbiosis, an …

There is growing recognition that the gut microbiome is an important regulator for
neurological functions. This review provides a summary on the role of gut microbiota in …