E3 ubiquitin ligases are a large family of enzymes that join in a three-enzyme ubiquitination
cascade together with ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 …

A growing amount of evidence suggests that ubiquitination and deubiquitination of
programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) play crucial roles in the …

The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory receptor on T cells and plays an
important role in promoting cancer immune evasion. While ubiquitin E3 ligases regulating …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the tumor surrounding environment, which is critical
for tumor development and progression. TME is also involved in clinical intervention and …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) imposes a strong and independent risk for peripheral artery
disease (PAD). While solutes retained in CKD patients (uremic solutes) inflict vascular …

Posttranslational modifications represent a key step in modulating programmed death-1 (PD-
1) functions, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Here, we report …

Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand programmed
death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are profoundly changing the methods to treat cancers with long-term …

Cancer immunotherapy has become an attractive approach of cancer treatment with
tremendous success in treating various advanced malignancies. The development and …

Cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune pathway–
targeted therapies, are promising clinical strategies for treating cancer. However, drug …

Fibrosis is a pathological tissue repair activity in which many myofibroblasts are activated
and extracellular matrix are excessively accumulated, leading to the formation of permanent …