Organic batteries using redox-active polymers and small organic compounds have become
promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices due to the abundance …

Due to their efficient and cleaner operation nature, proton exchange membrane fuel cells
are considered energy conversion devices for various applications including transportation …

The study of the electrochemical catalyst conversion of renewable electricity and carbon
oxides into chemical fuels attracts a great deal of attention by different researchers. The …

Nafion is one of the polymer materials used as polymer electrode membrane (PEM) for fuel
cells. However, the electrochemical reaction and water management processes that occur at …

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are a promising replacement for the fossil fuel–
dependent automotive and energy sectors. They have become increasingly commercialized …

Membranes with fast and selective ion transport are widely used for water purification and
devices for energy conversion and storage including fuel cells, redox flow batteries and …

Bipolar plates are recognized as an important component of proton exchange membrane
fuel cells (PEMFCs) because of their critical duties of separating reactant gas, cooling …

A fundamental understanding of polymer microstructure is important in order to design novel
polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) with excellent electrochemical performance and …

Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) have great potential in diverse applications and play
prominent roles in addressing energy and environment related issues. Over the past …

Polymer electrolyte membranes are charged polymers in the membrane shape, which can
separate the anode reaction from the cathode reaction, allowing the fabrication of compact …