Orally administered probiotics encounter various challenges on their journey through the
mouth, stomach, intestine and colon. The health benefits of probiotics are diminished mainly …

BACKGROUND Proteins are synthesized on ribosomes as linear chains of amino acids and
must fold into unique three-dimensional structures to fulfill their biological functions. Protein …

Abstract Knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of proteins and other biological
macromolecules often aids understanding of how they perform complicated tasks in the cell …

Molecular chaperones are diverse families of multidomain proteins that have evolved to
assist nascent proteins to reach their native fold, protect subunits from heat shock during the …

The bacterial chaperonin GroEL and its cofactor GroES constitute the paradigmatic
molecular machine of protein folding. GroEL is a large double-ring cylinder with ATPase …

3D cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is an expanding structural biology technique that has
recently undergone a quantum leap progression in its achievable resolution and its …

The biological functions of proteins are governed by their three-dimensional fold. Protein
folding, maintenance of proteome integrity, and protein homeostasis (proteostasis) critically …

Single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) allows reconstruction of high-
resolution structures of proteins in different conformations. Protein function often involves …

The identification of proximate amino acids by chemical cross-linking and mass
spectrometry (XL-MS) facilitates the structural analysis of homogeneous protein complexes …

Chaperonins are intricate allosteric machines formed of two back-to-back, stacked rings of
subunits presenting end cavities lined with hydrophobic binding sites for nonnative …