West Nile virus: an update on pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control and “one health” implications

G Habarugira, WW Suen, J Hobson-Peters, RA Hall… - Pathogens, 2020 - mdpi.com
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe,
lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its …

West Nile Virus diffusion in temperate regions and climate change. A systematic review

C D'Amore, P Grimaldi, T Ascione… - Le Infezioni in …, 2023 - pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex, which was
first described in 1937 as neurotropic virus in Uganda in 1937. Subsequently, WNV was …

The Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex viruses: from structure to immunity

B Khare, RJ Kuhn - Viruses, 2022 - mdpi.com
In the last three decades, several flaviviruses of concern that belong to different antigenic
groups have expanded geographically. This has resulted in the presence of often more than …

Pathogenicity and virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation

JC Saiz, MA Martín-Acebes, AB Blázquez… - Virulence, 2021 - Taylor & Francis
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus which transmission cycle is maintained between
mosquitoes and birds, although it occasionally causes sporadic outbreaks in horses and …

A chimeric vaccine protects farmed saltwater crocodiles from West Nile virus-induced skin lesions

G Habarugira, JJ Harrison, J Moran, WW Suen… - npj Vaccines, 2023 - nature.com
West Nile virus (WNV) causes skin lesions in farmed crocodiles leading to the depreciation
of the value of their hides and significant economic losses. However, there is no …

Aquatic flaviviruses

MJ Lensink, Y Li, S Lequime - Journal of Virology, 2022 - Am Soc Microbiol
Flaviviruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, including some well-known
human pathogens such as Zika, dengue, and yellow fever viruses, which are primarily …

[HTML][HTML] Application of chimeric antigens to paper-based diagnostics for detection of West Nile virus infections of Crocodylus porosus–A novel animal test case

RA Johnston, G Habarugira, JJ Harrison… - Sensors and Actuators B …, 2025 - Elsevier
Laboratory-based diagnostics such as plaque reduction neutralisation tests (PRNT) and
ELISA are commonly used to detect seroconversion to flavivirus infections. However, faster …

[HTML][HTML] American alligators are capable of West Nile virus amplification, mosquito infection and transmission

AD Byas, EN Gallichotte, AE Hartwig, SM Porter… - Virology, 2022 - Elsevier
West Nile virus (WNV) overwintering is poorly understood and likely multifactorial. Interest in
alligators as a potential amplifying host arose when it was shown that they develop viremias …

Evidence of Infection with Zoonotic Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses in Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Northern Australia

G Habarugira, J Moran, JJ Harrison, SR Isberg… - Viruses, 2022 - mdpi.com
The risk of flavivirus infections among the crocodilian species was not recognised until West
Nile virus (WNV) was introduced into the Americas. The first outbreaks caused death and …

Nucleic acid preservation card surveillance is effective for monitoring arbovirus transmission on crocodile farms and provides a One Health benefit to northern …

N Kurucz, JL McMahon, A Warchot, G Hewitson… - Viruses, 2022 - mdpi.com
The Kunjin strain of West Nile virus (WNVKUN) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that can
infect farmed saltwater crocodiles in Australia and cause skin lesions that devalue the hides …