Objectives: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that
are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise …

In 2000, Gorman et al. published a widely acknowledged revised version of their 1989
neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder (PD). Herein, a 'fear network'was suggested …

Abstract Purpose of Review Depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment constitute
established risk markers for incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and are associated with …

According to appraisal theories fear and anxiety are elicited by the subjective evaluation of a
situation or internal state as threatening. From this perspective anxiety disorders result from …

Objectives. Anxiety disorders are among the most frequently encountered psychiatric
disorders. Recommended treatments include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and/or …

Recent studies demonstrated potent behavioral effects of centrally applied neuropeptide S
(NPS) in mice and rats. These include increased arousal and wakefulness, facilitation of fear …

We have previously shown that urban upbringing and city living were associated with stress-
induced activity in the amygdala and the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC). This …

AIM To provide an overview of the current research in the functional neuroanatomy of panic
disorder. METHODS Panic disorder (PD) is a frequent psychiatric disease. Gorman et al …

The utilization of molecular genetics approaches in examination of panic disorder (PD) has
implicated several variants as potential susceptibility factors for panicogenesis. However …

Stressful and traumatic events can create aversive memories, which are a predisposing
factor for anxiety disorders. The amygdala is critical for transforming such stressful events …