The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914,
that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood …

Although genes, protein aggregates, environmental toxins, and other factors associated with
Parkinson's disease (PD) are widely distributed in the nervous system and affect many …

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are a promising source for a cell-based therapy to
treat Parkinson's disease (PD), in which midbrain dopaminergic neurons progressively …

Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has proven capable of stimulating cortical tissue in
humans. tFUS confers high spatial resolutions with deep focal lengths and as such, has the …

Degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the midbrain underlies the pathogenesis of
Parkinson's disease (PD). Supplement of DA via L-DOPA alleviates motor symptoms but …

In pursuit of treating Parkinson's disease with cell replacement therapy, differentiated
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are an ideal source of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) …

Dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) are uniquely sensitive to
degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) and its models. Although a variety of molecular …

We report the results of a long-term follow-up of subjects in a phase 1 study of AAV2-hAADC
(adeno-associated virus type 2–human aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase) gene therapy …

The cingulum bundle (CB) is one of the brain's major white matter pathways, linking regions
associated with executive function, decision-making, and emotion. Neuroimaging has …

The physiological functions of astrocytes within neural circuits remain incompletely
understood. There has been progress in this regard from recent work on striatal astrocytes …