Tumour progression is modulated by the local microenvironment. This environment is
populated by many immune cells, of which macrophages are among the most abundant …

Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are
among the most important and abundant players of the tumor microenvironment. CAFs as …

Fibroblasts turn into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumour microenvironment.
CAFs have recently attracted attention for their function as a regulator of immune cell …

Recent advances in tumor biology demand detailed analysis of the complex interaction of
tumor cells with their adjacent microenvironment (tumor stroma) to understand the various …

Breast cancer is the most diagnosed malignancy in women. Increasing evidence has
highlighted the importance of chronic inflammation at the local and/or systemic level in …

Oncogene activation and tumor-suppressor gene inactivation are considered as the main
causes driving the transformation of normal somatic cells into malignant tumor cells. Cancer …

Macrophages are prominent in the stromal compartment of virtually all types of malignancy.
These highly versatile cells respond to the presence of stimuli in different parts of tumors …

In human breast carcinomas, overexpression of the macrophage colony–stimulating factor
(CSF-1) and its receptor (CSF-1R) correlates with poor prognosis. To establish if there is a …

Angiogenesis is a key process in tumor growth and metastasis and is a major independent
prognostic factor in breast cancer. A range of cytokines stimulate the tumor neovasculature …

Angiogenesis, the formation of blood vessels from a pre-existing vasculature, is a process
whereby capillary sprouts are formed in response to externally supplied chemical stimuli …