The disks that orbit young stars are the essential conduits and reservoirs of material for star
and planet formation. Their structures, meaning the spatial variations of the disk physical …

Proto-planetary discs, the birth environment of planets, are an example of a structure
commonly found in astrophysics, accretion discs. Identifying the mechanism responsible for …

Planets form and obtain their compositions in dust-and gas-rich disks around young stars,
and the outcome of this process is intimately linked to the disk chemical properties. The …

Planets form in disks of gas and dust around young stars. The disk molecular reservoirs and
their chemical evolution affect all aspects of planet formation, from the coagulation of dust …

The Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) Large Program provides a
unique opportunity to study the vertical distribution of gas, chemistry, and temperature in the …

The Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) Large Program provides a
detailed, high-resolution (∼ 10–20 au) view of molecular line emission in five protoplanetary …

Turbulence is a crucial factor in many models of planet formation, but it has only been
directly constrained among a small number of planet-forming disks. Building on the upper …

Gas kinematics are an important part of the planet formation process. Turbulence influences
planetesimal growth and migration from the scale of submicron dust grains through gas …

Aims. Recent observations by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) of
disks around young stars revealed distinct asymmetries in the dust continuum emission. In …

Turbulence is a fundamental parameter in models of grain growth during the early stages of
planet formation. As such, observational constraints on its magnitude are crucial. Here we …