Nearly half a century has passed since the discovery of cytoplasmic inheritance of human
chloramphenicol resistance. The inheritance was then revealed to take place maternally by …

Although the development of mitochondrial therapies has largely focused on diseases
caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial …

Melatonin is an ancient antioxidant. After its initial development in bacteria, it has been
retained throughout evolution such that it may be or may have been present in every species …

Neurons have more extended and complex shapes than other cells and consequently face a
greater challenge in distributing and maintaining mitochondria throughout their arbors …

Increased reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress have been implicated in
the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative conditions including among others …

In recent years, several studies have examined the potential associations between
mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity
produced by several freshwater and marine microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast, fungi …

Axons are electrically excitable, cable-like neuronal processes that relay information
between neurons within the nervous system and between neurons and peripheral target …

CNS inflammation is a major driver of MS pathology. Differential immune responses,
including the adaptive and the innate immune system, are observed at various stages of MS …

The myelination of axons by oligodendrocytes is a highly complex cell-to-cell interaction.
Oligodendrocytes and axons have a reciprocal signaling relationship in which …