What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of the host defense after pathogen invasion. Viruses
trigger the expression of interferons (IFNs). These master antiviral cytokines induce in turn a …

Interferon (IFN) response is the first line of host defense against virus infection. The recent
years have witnessed tremendous progress in understanding of fish IFN antiviral response …

Interferons (IFN s) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two
types of IFN s, ie type I and type II IFN s have been reported in a range of fish species in …

Interferon-gamma (IFNG) is a pleiotropic cytokine that modulates both innate and adaptive
immune networks; it is the most potent activator of macrophages and a signature cytokine of …

Fish type I IFNs are classified into two groups with two (group I) or four (group II) cysteines in
the mature peptide and can be further divided into four subgroups, termed IFN-a,-b,-c, and-d …

Viruses are the most serious pathogenic threat to the production of the main aquacultured
salmonid species the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the Atlantic salmon Salmo …

Abstract Type I IFNs (IFN-I) are cytokines, which play a crucial role in innate and adaptive
immunity against viruses of vertebrates. In essence, IFN-I are induced and secreted upon …

This work reveals distinct roles of the two-cysteine–containing type I IFNs, IFNa and IFNd,
and the four-cysteine–containing IFNb and IFNc in antiviral immunity of Atlantic salmon …

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) causes an emerging viral disease associated with high mortality
and economic damage in tilapia farming around the world. The use of probiotics in …