• The specific situation of the patient. Unless otherwise provided for by national regulations,
off-label use of medication should be limited to situations where it is in the patient's interest …

Angina with nonobstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA) is increasingly recognized and may
affect nearly one-half of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for suspected …

In 2008, the Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vasospastic angina
(coronary spastic angina) 1 were developed by the Japanese Circulation Society, and the …

Background Exercise electrocardiographic stress testing (EST) has historically been
validated against the demonstration of obstructive coronary artery disease. However …

Coronary microvascular disease (CMD) causes myocardial ischemia in a variety of clinical
scenarios. Clinical practice guidelines support routine testing for CMD in patients with …

Abstract Purpose of Review Abnormal structure and function of the coronary
microvasculature have been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple cardiovascular …

Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is evident in up to
15% of all acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) and disproportionally affects females. Despite …

In daily clinical practice, physicians often encounter patients with angina or those with
evidence of myocardial ischemia from noninvasive tests but not having obstructive coronary …

Vasospastic angina (VSA) is characterized by episodes of rest angina that are responsive to
short-acting nitrates and are attributable to coronary artery vasospasm. The condition is …

Coronary provocation testing is an essential diagnostic procedure when evaluating
vasospastic angina. Invasive methods using acetylcholine or ergonovine are considered the …