The liver is an essential metabolic organ, and its metabolic activity is tightly controlled by
insulin and other metabolic hormones. Glucose is metabolized into pyruvate through …

In the last two decades we have witnessed sizable progress in defining the role of
gastrointestinal signals in the control of glucose and energy homeostasis. Specifically, the …

Since its identification in 2000, the interest of scientists in the hepatokine fibroblast growth
factor (FGF) 21 has tremendously grown, and still remains high, due to a wealth of very …

Glucagon is secreted from islet α cells and controls blood levels of glucose in the fasting
state. Impaired glucagon secretion predisposes some patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus …

Brown and beige adipocytes arise from distinct developmental origins. Brown adipose tissue
(BAT) develops embryonically from precursors that also give to skeletal muscle. Beige fat …

Since the discovery of insulin in 1921, protein therapeutics have become vital tools in the
treatment of diabetes mellitus. This heritage has been extended with the comparatively …

Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a peptide hormone released from the gut in post-prandial state that
activates both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) and the glucagon receptor …

Currently available therapies for diabetes or obesity produce modest efficacy and are
usually used in combination with agents targeting cardiovascular risk factors. Fibroblast …

High-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (KD) are used for weight loss and for treatment of
refractory epilepsy. Recently, short-time studies in rodents have shown that, besides their …

Context: Follistatin is a plasma protein recently reported to increase under conditions with
negative energy balance, such as exercise and fasting in humans. Currently, the perception …