We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

Presented here is a review of present knowledge of the long-term behavior of solar activity
on a multi-millennial timescale, as reconstructed using the indirect proxy method. The …

Early researchers of radiocarbon levels in Southern Hemisphere tree rings identified a
variable North-South hemispheric offset, necessitating construction of a separate …

The Sun provides the principal energy input into the Earth system and solar variability
represents a significant external climate forcing. Although observations of solar activity …

Radiocarbon (14C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological
or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents …

Geological archives record multiple reversals of Earth's magnetic poles, but the global
impacts of these events, if any, remain unclear. Uncertain radiocarbon calibration has limited …

The injection of sulfur into the stratosphere by volcanic eruptions is the dominant driver of
natural climate variability on interannual to multidecadal timescales. Based on a set of …

Space weather describes the way in which the Sun, and conditions in space more generally,
impact human activity and technology both in space and on the ground. It is now well …

The search for life in the Universe is a fundamental problem of astrobiology and modern
science. The current progress in the detection of terrestrial-type exoplanets has opened a …

Understanding the impact of active M dwarf stars on the atmospheric equilibrium and
surface conditions of a habitable zone Earth-like planet is key to assessing M dwarf planet …