Noradrenergic and cholinergic systems are among the most vulnerable brain systems in
neuropsychiatric diseases of ageing, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease …

A major challenge in Parkinson's disease is the variability in symptoms and rates of
progression, underpinned by heterogeneity of pathological processes. Biomarkers are …

Many advances in understanding the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease (PD) have been
based on research addressing its motor symptoms and phenotypes. Various data-driven …

MRI has been used to develop biomarkers for movement disorders such as Parkinson
disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders with parkinsonism such as progressive …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem structure located in the lower pons and is the
main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain. Via its phasic and tonic firing, it modulates …

Cognitive impairment is one of the most salient non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease
(PD) that poses a significant burden on the patients and carers as well as being a risk factor …

Parkinson's disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) both impair response
inhibition, exacerbating impulsivity. Inhibitory control deficits vary across individuals and are …

Apathy is a disabling syndrome associated with poor functional outcomes that is common
across a broad range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Currently, there are no …

Degeneration of the noradrenergic system is now considered a pathological hallmark of
Parkinson's disease, but little is known about its consequences in terms of parkinsonian …

Apathy is commonly defined as a loss of motivation leading to a reduction in goal-directed
behaviors. This multidimensional syndrome, which includes cognitive, emotional and …