The mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid (VPA) are traditionally used to treat bipolar
disorder (BD), a severe mental illness arising from complex interactions between genes and …

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent form of inherited intellectual disability and is
also linked to other neurologic and psychiatric disorders. FXS is caused by a triplet …

Histone deacetylases (HDACs)—enzymes that affect the acetylation status of histones and
other important cellular proteins—have been recognized as potentially useful therapeutic …

Over the past decade, it has become increasingly obvious that epigenetic mechanisms are
an integral part of a multitude of brain functions that range from the development of the …

In embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines generated from human embryos determined through
preimplantation genetic diagnosis to carry the fragile X mutation, the FMR1 gene is …

The epigenetic marking of chromatin provides a ubiquitous means for cells to shape and
maintain their identity, and to react to environmental stimuli via specific remodeling. Such an …

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are characterized by aberrant and delayed early-life
development of the brain, leading to deficits in language, cognition, motor behaviour and …

Tandem repeats are common features of both prokaryote and eukaryote genomes, where
they can be found not only in intergenic regions but also in both the noncoding and coding …

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is caused by a homozygous GAA repeat expansion mutation within
intron 1 of the FXN gene, leading to reduced expression of frataxin protein. Evidence …

We report on the establishment of a human embryonic stem cell (HESC) line from a
preimplantation fragile X-affected embryo and demonstrate its value as an appropriate …