Atherosclerosis is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading
cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium activation and …

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the most abundant cell in vessels. Earlier
experiments have found that VSMCs possess high plasticity. Vascular injury stimulates …

Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification,
depending on the site (s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular …

Vascular calcification is associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality and
atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Calcification has been determined to be an active process …

Abstract The Klotho proteins, αKlotho and βKlotho, are essential components of endocrine
fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor complexes, as they are required for the high-affinity …

Membrane vesicles released in the extracellular space are composed of a lipid bilayer
enclosing soluble cytosolic material and nuclear components. Extracellular vesicles include …

The continuing increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the general population is
predicted to result in a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease. Although the …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD). Both conditions are rising in incidence as well as prevalence, creating poor …

Vascular calcifications (VCs) are actively regulated biological processes associated with
crystallization of hydroxyapatite in the extracellular matrix and in cells of the media (VCm) or …

Rationale: Matrix vesicles (MVs), secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), form
the first nidus for mineralization and fetuin-A, a potent circulating inhibitor of calcification, is …