Abstract Knowledge of genetics and its implications for human health is rapidly evolving in
accordance with recent events, such as discoveries of large numbers of disease …

Studies of gene–environment interactions aim to describe how genetic and environmental
factors jointly influence the risk of developing a human disease. Gene–environment …

Despite the yield of recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies, the identified variants
explain only a small proportion of the heritability of most complex diseases. This …

Epistasis, the interaction between genes, is a topic of current interest in molecular and
quantitative genetics. A large amount of research has been devoted to the detection and …

The propensity score is the conditional probability of exposure to a treatment given observed
covariates. In a cohort study, matching or stratifying treated and control subjects on a single …

Interactions among loci or between genes and environmental factors make a substantial
contribution to variation in complex traits such as disease susceptibility. Nonetheless, many …

Recently, many new approaches, study designs, and statistical and analytical methods have
emerged for studying gene-environment interactions (G× Es) in large-scale studies of …

Background In conventional epidemiology confounding of the exposure of interest with
lifestyle or socioeconomic factors, and reverse causation whereby disease status influences …

Background Many reported associations between common genetic polymorphisms and
complex diseases have not been confirmed in subsequent studies. An exception could be …

Complex disease by definition results from the interplay of genetic and environmental
factors. However, it is currently unclear how gene-environment interaction can best be used …