The last four decades has witnessed some of the deadliest viral pandemics with far-reaching
consequences. These include the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)(1981), Severe …

The concept of “original antigenic sin” was first proposed by Thomas Francis, Jr. in 1960.
This phenomenon has the potential to rewrite what we understand about how the immune …

The source, timing, and geographical origin of the 1918–1920 pandemic influenza A virus
have remained tenaciously obscure for nearly a century, as have the reasons for its unusual …

The term “original antigenic sin” was coined approximately 60 years ago to describe the
imprinting by the initial first influenza A virus infection on the antibody response to …

Influenza B viruses cause seasonal epidemics and are a considerable burden to public
health. However, protection by current seasonal vaccines is suboptimal due to the antigenic …

Since 2020, COVID-19 has caused serious mortality around the world. Given the ambiguity
in establishing COVID-19 as the direct cause of death, we first investigate the effects of age …

Trends in excess winter mortality (EWM) were investigated from the winter of 1900/01 to
2019/20. During the 1918–1919 Spanish flu epidemic a maximum EWM of 100% was …

Mechanisms underlying failure of novel 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine-induced Ab
responses in HIV-infected persons are poorly understood. This study prospectively …

Introduction: High variance is associated with influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE).
Accumulating evidence suggests that preexisting influenza-specific immunity results in the …

The prevalence of antibodies reactive to the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) was
determined in sera collected before the start of the pandemic, during the early phase, and …