Tunable liquid lenses with controllable focal length attract much attention from many
researchers due to the unique advantages of strong adjustability, low power consumption …

Optical lenses with electrically controllable focal length are of growing interest, in order to
reduce the complexity, size, weight, response time and power consumption of conventional …

Optical lenses with tunable focus are needed in several fields of application, such as
consumer electronics, medical diagnostics and optical communications. To address this …

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) are smart lightweight flexible materials integrating
actuation, sensing, and structural functions. The field of DEAs has been progressing rapidly …

The advent of spatial control over the phase and amplitude of light waves has profoundly
transformed photonics, enabling major advances in fields from imaging and information …

Developing tunable lenses, an expansion-based mechanism for dynamic focus adjustment
can provide a larger focal length tuning range than a contraction-based mechanism. Here …

In this paper, we present a novel multifunctional liquid lens (MLL) for high-performance
miniature cameras. The proposed MLL firstly offers concurrent variable-focus and variable …

As miniaturization becomes a growing trend in optical systems, the ability to precisely
manipulate wavefronts within micrometric pupils becomes crucial. Extensive efforts to …

Multifunctional integration is the development direction of electrowetting liquid lenses. We
propose an electrowetting liquid lens integrating adaptive liquid iris (ELL-LI) with adjustable …

This paper presents a new design of tunable liquid lens. The lens was operated by
electromagnetic actuation for autofocusing (AF) in miniature cameras and its optical …